The Big Bang Scientific Theory (BBST)
The Big Bang is simply a single expansion point from a singularity in our “observable universe” (a tiny section of the infinite Cosmos we are able to see with our current telescope technology) of the infinite Cosmos.
~The history of The Big Bang Scientific Theory (BBST). Who contributed to the Scientific Theory that we have today?
http://exposingreligionblog.tumblr.com/post/27934898225
Particle Physics Fundamentals
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics
http://physics.about.com/od/atomsparticles/a/particles.htm
What is the world made of?
The building blocks
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/matter/madeof/index.html
Elementary Particles
http://science.howstuffworks.com/elementary-particles-info.htm
Elementary Particle Systematics
http://implications-of-quantum-physics.com/qp39_quarks-string-theory.html
http://www.particleadventure.org/fermibos.html
A common question that people ask is “What happened before the Big Bang?” The phrase “in the beginning” is used here to refer to the birth of our observable universe with the Big Bang. In the creation of our observable universe, everything was compressed into an infinitesimally small point, in which all physical laws that we know of do not apply. No information from any “previous” stuff could have remained intact. Therefore, for all intents and purposes, the Big Bang is considered the beginning of everything in the observable universe.
Story of the Universe
FROM THE BIG BANG TO TODAY’S UNIVERSE
http://cms.web.cern.ch/content/story-universe
History of the Big Bang Model
The Big Bang model had its beginnings with Edwin Hubble’s discovery in 1929 that, on large scales, everything in the universe is moving away from everything else. The only explanation for this was that the observable universe was expanding in every direction, and it was taking galaxies along with it.
The next step towards the Big Bang model was to take this process in reverse - that is, to go back in time. If the observable universe is “blowing up” like a balloon as time progresses, then what would happen if you were to run the timeline backwards?
If the universe is currently growing, then the universe was smaller in the past. There must have been some point in time when the universe was half its current size. Then there must have been a time when it was half that size. If you continue to run time backwards, there must have been a time when the observable universe was an infinitesimally small point*.
This is the basic idea behind the Big Bang. All matter and energy existed in an infinitely small point of infinite density a long time ago, and has since been expanding as our universe.
*In calculus, this is an adaptation of “Zeno’s Paradox.” Through this process, Zeno presented the paradox that a runner could never actually complete a race: They go half way, then three-quarters, then seven-eighths, and so on, but never do they get to finish the race. In calculus this is paradox is solved, but with the Big Bang, it can be used to show that the universe was not ever “nothing,” but must have existed in an extremely tiny space at some time in the past.
Main Evidence
The Big Bang is the leading theory that almost all astrophysicists believe explains the origin of the observable universe. This is because all observations so far made support the Big Bang theory; there are four main lines of evidence that are most-often used.
The first was discussed above: The expansion of the universe. The universe is expanding now, so in the past it must have been smaller. If it were smaller in the past, then there probably was a time when it was infinitesimally small. One could ask why don’t we think that it might be expanding now but it could have been shrinking before and we just don’t know about it. The answer is that there is simply no mechanism that we know about that could accomplish this transition on a universal scale.
The second line of evidence is the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) that was discovered in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson from Bell Labs. They were working with a microwave receiver, but were getting noise from every direction they pointed the receiver. It was coming from all over the sky at what seemed to be exactly the same frequency. This was the first evidence for the CMB, and they later shared a Nobel Prize for this discovery.
The CMB is an “echo” left over from when the universe was approximately 300,000 years old, as predicted by the Big Bang model. As something becomes compressed, as matter was when the universe was young, it becomes hot. The actual “heat” comes from particles’ movements - the faster they move, the more energetic they are, and so the more heat we see. The universe was so hot before it was 300,000 years old that atoms could not form. Because of this, photons - particles of light - could not move around, for they kept reacting with electrons.
Therefore, during this period, the universe was effectively opaque. Once the universe had reached 300,000 years old, atoms could form, and electrons were now bound to a nucleus. Once this happened, photons could move about freely. This “first light” is the CMB, and its existence is a very strong indication that the Big Bang occurred.
The third major pillar of the Big Bang theory lies in the abundance of the different elements of the universe. The theory predicts that certain amounts of hydrogen, helium, and other elements should be made. Observations have shown almost exactly the amounts that are predicted.
The fourth piece is that the Big Bang theory is the only one that comprehensively lays down a framework for the eventual evolution of the universe as we observe it today.
http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/cosmos_bigbang.html
Here are a few aspects of the Big Bang Theory supported by observed phenomena:
Some galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called “Hubble’s Law,” named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.
The initial, very hot state that followed the Big Bang should have left some remnant of its heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.
The abundance of the “light elements” hydrogen and helium found in the observable universe (which would have been the first elements formed) is thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.
The idea is that, since galaxies are moving away from each other now, then they used to be closer to each other. Extrapolating backwards in time, one can go back far enough to a time and place where all matter resided in a very small, dense region called a singularity.
This state would have been all energy, as matter could not have existed as we know it in an energy field so intense. The “Big Bang” was the release of that energy, creating the current era of spacetime.
The energy dispersed and, as things cooled down, matter began to form. It’s the expanding universe that is the evidence for the Big Bang.
Collection of research, providing evidence for the Big Bang:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html
Collection of articles:
http://www.universetoday.com/tag/big-bang/
Proof of Big Bang Seen by Space Probe
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0317_060317_big_bang.html
Big Bang evidence found
http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0105/02bigbang/
Making the Elements in the Universe
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/06/25/making-the-elements-in-the-uni/
The Big Bang
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/
The most popular theory of our universe’s origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the big bang.
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/
http://space.about.com/od/astronomybasics/a/Origin-Of-The-Universe.htm
How the Big Bang Theory Works
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory.htm
http://theastronomist.fieldofscience.com/2009_08_01_archive.html
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 3D
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAVjF_7ensg&feature=player_embedded
The Big Bang Briefly 1
Planck telescope reveals ancient cosmic light
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10501154
~CMBR
COBE - COsmic Background Explorer
George Smoot and John Mather won the 2006 Nobel prize in physics "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.“
This historic discovery was a result of NASA’s COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite mission. Dr. Smoot was the lead scientist of the Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR) team on COBE. The DMRs were developed to to map the cosmic microwave background radiation precisely. The COBE mission was created to measure the diffuse infrared and cosmic microwave background radiation from the early universe to the limits set by our astrophysical environment.
COBE was launched on November 18, 1989 and carried three instruments: DIRBE (the Diffuse InfraRed Experiment) to search for and measure the cosmic infrared background radiation, DMR (Differential Microwave Radiometers) to map the cosmic microwave background radiation, and FIRAS (Far-InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer) to compare the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation with that from a precise blackbody.
http://bccp.berkeley.edu/cobehome.html
What is the cosmic microwave background radiation?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-the-cosmic-microw
Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/scott/faq_basic.html
Cosmic Background Radiation
http://www.universetoday.com/79777/cosmic-background-radiation/
The Cosmic Background Radiation is the strongest evidence for the validity of the hot big bang model.
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/cbr.html
What is space radiation?
http://srag-nt.jsc.nasa.gov/SpaceRadiation/What/What.cfm
Tests of Big Bang: The CMB
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.html
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
EP. 5: THE BIG BANG AND COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
http://www.astronomycast.com/2006/10/the-big-bang-and-cosmic-microwave-background/
EP. 6: MORE EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG BANG
http://www.astronomycast.com/2006/10/more-evidence-for-the-big-bang/
Mapping Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation | NASA GSFC Big
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e3MHNWLCTs
Catch a Cosmic Microwave: Evidence for the Big Bang
http://www.physicscentral.com/explore/action/microwave-bang.cfm
RASC Calgary Centre - Cosmological Redshift
http://calgary.rasc.ca/redshift.htm
Hubble’s Expanding Universe Red Shifts The Big Bang
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVApTLE7Csc
Before Time and Space
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVsHjnY-o9s&feature=related
~Great Videos
The Evidence For The Big Bang In 10 Little Minutes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyCkADmNdNo
What Caused the Big Bang?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uabNtlLfYyU&feature=related
From Big Bang to Man (Cassiopeia Project)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yOUgTaKDkM&feature=related
Stephen Hawking - The Big Bang
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs-yWMuBNr4
Outstanding Short Films for Schools
http://www.twig-world.com/list/physics/universe/big-bang/
Science Saved My Soul.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6w2M50_Xdk
This Remarkable Thing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdRCPjXn1DY
Why Didn’t Anybody Tell Me?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyjNXdEGjO4
Atheism: The Stars Are On Our Side.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3M21xFVwL8c&feature=relmfu
Reaching The Stars Is Easy…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIT3TYnQJQc&feature=relmfu
Why Don’t Scientists Fear Hell? The list of theist scientists.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbrQI0r1B7w&feature=relmfu
God: The Love Born of Terror.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcrJ2HFKogs&feature=relmfu
How To Fight A God.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uQob7CzYpw&feature=relmfu
65 Million Years With A Creationist.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sxh_L1LUNk&feature=relmfu
Symphony of Science - The Poetry of Reality (An Anthem for Science)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Cd36WJ79z4&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLE5DE2E7B321C6E3C
Evidence of Big Bang May Disappear in 1 Trillion Years
While astronomers are largely baffled by the question of how the universe began, they should probably hurry up and figure it out. In the far future, most of the evidence will be long gone, a new study suggests.
Though future astronomers will likely have the benefit of advanced technology and a more sophisticated understanding of physics, they won’t be able to take advantage of the last vestiges of evidence left over from the Big Bang. The trace signals from the explosion that set the universe in motion 13.7 billion years ago will likely be all gone 1 trillion years from now, the researchers said. (In fact, by that time, our own Milky Way galaxy will have collided with its neighbor, Andromeda, to create the Milkomeda galaxy.)
Journey to the Edge of the Universe [Full - HD 1080p]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGCOmVQiRNY&feature=related
A Brief History of Time
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGpfu-KpuLw&feature=related
Origin of the Universe: The Big Bang
Lecture by Dr. Christopher D. Impey, Distinguished Professor, Astronomy/Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRhVcTTMlrM&feature=related
What created the Big Bang?
Posted on 6 June, 2006 by reason42
A question from a student: If the Big Bang theory is true, then the universe had a beginning. If the universe had a beginning, it had to be created. Not necessarily by an old geezer with a long white beard who intones like John Gielgud, but there had to be some catalyst of some kind. Intelligent or not, it created the universe and is therefore the creator. I would appreciate it if you could come up with a good argument against this.
Mark Hume, OU student.
My reply: Here you are asking about the first cause, or also known as the first cause argument.
As you mentioned, we have a scientific theory that discusses a Big Bang. The theory goes on to explain that the Universe is the result of a massive explosion so great that it created the Universe as we know it. Assuming that everything has a first cause we then need to ask what was the cause for the Big Bang. Some would argue that God created the Big Bang. Therefore God is the first cause. However, this is a contradiction because if everything has a first cause, then God cannot be the ultimate creator because he needs a cause too.
So, some might say that another God created God, but then you would have to ask who created the God who created the God? Therefore, you would need to follow this path ad infinitum until you have a infinite chain of connections of creators for the creators. Some would dismiss this and would suggest that God is the exception to all of the rules of the Universe. As God does not apply in the realms of logic and naturalism, then those who say He exist will say he just came into existence out of nothing. In that, they make God the exception to the rule and assert that God is the first cause. But why should we stop with God? Why not suggest that the Big Bang came out of nothing? It is just as tangible, is it not? Well no it is not, as we still have the contradiction of the first cause argument to settle.
Let me illustrate the first cause argument another way….
You may have a mountain view outside your window. You might ask what created the mountain? You could answer that the Earth’s plates moved together and pushed the ground up to create the mountain. You would then ask what created the Earth? You could answer that a whole bunch of space debris came together by the force of gravity and formed the planet. You would then ask what created the debris and you could say the Big Bang. But then you would ask what created the Big Bang? And here is where we get stuck! What is the first cause of the Big Bang?
So I now suggest that the question asked does not make sense, and let me demonstrate why…
What is north of England? Scotland. What is north of Scotland? Iceland? What is north of Iceland? The Arctic Circle. Then what is north of the Arctic Circle? The North Pole. And what is north of the North Pole? Well, um….nothing you would say, and you would be right! You see, the final question does not make sense. You cannot go further north than the North Pole as nothing can be more north than north.
As a result, using the first cause argument we ultimatley encounter an unanswerable question. So we are left with a few options. We choose either:
a) Answer the question and say the Big Bang has a cause, but we haven’t discovered it yet.
b) We stop at God being the first cause.
c) We say that the Big Bang just happened and that’s the first cause.
d) Or we accept the question doesn’t even makes sense.
None the options given are satisfactory and here’s why, for each option:
a) The problem is that once we identify the cause we have to ask the question for the solution to the preceeding cause.
b) God becomes the focus of the question and we get the same problem as shown with ‘a)’.
c) Did the Big Bang really happen with no cause? I don’t think so!! I’m still not happy with the answer.
d) If we say the question doesn’t make sense, then what is the right question?
Readers of the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy will all smile and have realised the problem pointed out here already. The problem isn’t finding the right answer, the problem is asking the right question!
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