Bjørn Stærk — Sun Yat Sen’s writings, which had been awarded the...

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Sun Yat Sen’s writings, which had been awarded the status of scripture by the republican government, had been built around the common blood of the Han. There was no room in this Chinese racial nation for the Manchu minority, from whom the emperors of China’s Qing Dynasty had been drawn and whom the nationalists blamed for leading the country into a state of semi-colonial servitude. The other ethnic minorities were also excluded. But this presented a complication: if these groups were not part of the Chinese racial nation there was no strong argument for them to remain part of the Chinese motherland. This seemed to invite colonial powers, not least Japan, to start breaking them off, dismembering the Chinese territory. The nationalist regime never coalesced around a satisfactory answer to this conceptual problem. Some scholars tried to show that all the peoples of China, including the minorities, had always been united by common blood. Others began to argue that a host of different populations in the region had been ‘melded’ over the centuries into what had become a racially unified population. Both couldn’t be true, of course. Moreover, both ideas clashed with Sun Yat Sen’s sacred racial definitions. This mess of contradictions was hardly surprising, given that the agenda of Chinese racial categorization was being driven by politics, rather than science. The objective of these scholars was not to portray reality, but to show that the sprawling and diverse empire that the nationalists had inherited after the 1911 revolution was based on something more substantial than a series of arbitrary military conquests by the Qing rulers who preceded them.
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