Some academic sources that discuss Sherlock Holmes's sexuality as queer
Arthur Conan Doyle’s famous creation, Sherlock Holmes, is often viewed as a fictional embodiment of justice and order in nineteenth-century Britain, a fantasy of epistemological mastery precisely calibrated against the social flux and uncertainty of the fin-de-siècle. Holmes solves perplexing crimes through logic and reason, and affirms a positivist conservative ideology that upholds the status quo. This thesis will challenge this comforting reading of Holmes by arguing, firstly, that he is in fact a highly ambivalent figure - morally problematic, culturally marginalised and sexually ambiguous. Secondly, it will demonstrate how Holmes should be situated within the context of various historical and contemporary discourses, including inquisitorial modes of punishment and surveillance, the discourse of atavism, contemporary anxieties about degeneracy in the upper classes and the cultural problematics of bachelorhood and bohemia in Victorian society. Finally, it will trace a continuum in which Holmes, as an archetype in a discourse of detection extending back to the work of earlier writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, sets the pattern for the legion of brilliant, eccentric and ambiguous detectives who have followed in his wake. Understood in terms of this genealogy, the detective’s characteristic flaws, traits, eccentricities and methodologies can be seen to have a specific relation to their historical moment: indeed, part of the lingering appeal of the eccentric detective lies in the fit between their eccentricities, the nature of the crimes they solve, and their ability to restore order. This thesis will demonstrate the fit in the case of Sherlock Holmes, but will also demonstrate that he is more ambiguous, ambivalent and even subversive than his consoling conservative appeal might suggest
In 1876, the criminologist Cesare Lombroso claimed that the criminal represented an atavistic throwback to an earlier stage of human development, a so-called “degenerate” with an inherently debased nature. His theories appealed to the Victorian imagination, and the degenerate criminal became embodied in the great monster- myths of the age, from fictional characters like Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde to real criminals like Jack the Ripper. Influenced by fictional representations of degenerate middle-class men like Stevenson’s Mr Hyde, journalists covering the notorious Whitechapel murders in 1888 constructed a popular image of Jack the Ripper as a homicidal doctor: degenerate, predatory, but also educated and resourceful. Jack the Ripper represented a terrifying new kind of criminal at the close of the century, one whose presence in London necessitated the creation of a new breed of crime-solver. Arthur Conan Doyle provided the definitive example of the modern sleuth in his “Sherlock Holmes” stories. Sherlock Holmes appears to offer an antidote to the social contagion of criminality, reflecting the principles of order and reason, but this paper will argue that there is also a darker side to London’s favorite sleuth. If he represents a consoling figure for late-Victorian anxieties about criminality, he can also be seen to articulate certain anxieties about the professional classes and the potentially degenerate nature of genius in his eccentricity and rampant experimentalism. This paper will consider the homeopathic nature of Holmes’s social marginality and ambiguous sexuality as one response to the problem of the potentially degenerate doctor: a man of perverse genius who knows perhaps too much about the shadowy underbelly of the respectable world.
This study questions the aptness of recent critical tendencies to view Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes as preeminently an upholder and enforcer of normative masculine and heterosexual values. While the character’s eventual importance as a policeman of hegemonical gender and sexual codes is granted, close reading of the first three stories suggests that Doyle originally conceived of his detective as gender- problematic and sexually deviant. The Sherlock Holmes novels A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four and the short story “A Scandal in Bohemia” form a progression in which the moral character of Holmes is shifted: from a troublesome and ambiguous marginality to a position closer to the moral center. In this attempt to “reclaim” his character for the moral right, Doyle is only partially successful. The Otherness that sets Holmes apart as a noteworthy novum also prevents his conversion into a standard hero figure, resulting in a sexless and even body-less character.
A valued icon of British manhood, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has been the subject of numerous biographies since his death in 1930. All his biographers have drawn heavily on his own autobiography, Memories & Adventures, a collection of stories and anecdotes themed on the subject of masculinity and its representation. Diana Barsham discusses Doyle’s career in the context of that nineteenth-century biographical tradition which Dr Watson so successfully appropriated. It explores Doyle’s determination to become a great name in the culture of his day and the strains on his identity arising from this project. A Scotsman with an alcoholic, Irish, fairy-painting father, Doyle offered himself and his writings as a model of British manhood during the greatest crisis of British history. Doyle was committed to finding solutions to some of the most difficult cultural problematics of late Victorian masculinity. As novelist, war correspondent, historian, legal campaigner, propagandist and religious leader, he used his fame as the creator of Sherlock Holmes to refigure the spirit of British Imperialism. This original and thought-provoking study offers a revision of the Doyle myth. It presents his career as a series of dialoguic contestations with writers like Thomas Hardy and Winston Churchill to define the masculine presence in British culture. In his spiritualist campaign, Doyle took on the figure of St Paul in an attempt to create a new religious culture for a Socialist age.
Rosenberg also examines the influence of Conan Doyle’s writings on other works, especially James Joyce’s Ulysses. Published in 1974, this book argues for a surprising relationship between the Sherlock Holmes stories and Nietzsche, Oscar Wilde, Dionysus, Christ, Catullus, John Bunyan, Robert Browning, Boccaccio, Napoleon, Racine, Frankenstein, Flaubert, George Sand, Socrates, Poe, General Charles George Gordon, Melville, Joyce’s Ulysses, T. S. Eliot, and many others.
The title comes from lines in William Congreve’s The Double Dealer (1694).
No mask like open truth to cover lies,
As to go naked is the best disguise.
It alludes to Rosenberg’s premise that Conan Doyle left clues throughout his works, revealing his innermost hidden thoughts.
Rosenberg’s book was received with disdain by Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts and scholars in the 1970s. It is recognized as the first book of literary criticism about Doyle to appear in print; many other more respected works have followed.
This is a study of masculinity in the works of Arthur Conan Doyle, particularly the Sherlock Holmes stories. The work is divided into three sections, focusing on aspects of masculinity in three eras - the Victorian Holmes, the Edwardian Holmes and the Georgian Holmes.