Vienna's mix...
Café Central / Rathausplatz / Parlament / Freyung / Michaelerplatz / Graben.
@armandsilvani / armandsilvani.tumblr.com
Vienna's mix...
Café Central / Rathausplatz / Parlament / Freyung / Michaelerplatz / Graben.
Detail from an American book cover from 1905
Margaret Armstrong design
A trio of studies— trunk, bark, and undergrowth. (2022)
🌙 Moon and Sun ☀️
It's dark and dreary out, so to warm us all up here's that very gay fluff comic I made about an old biologist who falls in love with the cryptid he's supposed to be researching. Hijinks ensue.
My first picture book comes out today — It’s a story about a crafty mouse who’s afraid to leave her house! The author (Michal) wrote a really heartfelt story about a scared homebody learning to face her fears and discover a new passion. I’m so lucky I got to illustrate it! I’m gonna post some more art here soon to show it off (or you can see more in my portfolio).
You can find the book at TeakySqueaker.com!
Ever since Adam Smith, those trying to prove that contemporary forms of competitive market exchange are rooted in human nature have pointed to the existence of what they call ‘primitive trade.’ Already tens of thousands of years ago, one can find evidence of objects — very often precious stones, shells or other items of adornment — being moved around over enormous distances. Often these were just the sort of objects that anthropologists would later find being used as ‘primitive currencies’ all over the world. Surely this must prove capitalism in some form or another has always existed?
The logic is perfectly circular. If precious objects were moving long distances, this is evidence of ‘trade’ and, if trade occurred, it must have taken some sort of commercial form; therefore, the fact that, say, 3,000 years ago Baltic amber found its way to the Mediterranean, or shells from Mexico were transported to Ohio, is proof that we are in the presence of some embryonic form of market economy. Markets are universal. Therefore, there must have been a market. Therefore, markets are universal. And so on.
All such authors are really saying is that they themselves cannot personally imagine any other way that precious objects might move about. But lack of imagination is not itself an argument. It’s almost as if these writers are afraid to suggest anything that seems original, or, if they do, feel obliged to use vaguely scientific-sounding language ( ‘trans-regional interaction spheres’, ‘multi-scalar networks of exchange’) to avoid having to speculate about what precisely those things might be. In fact, anthropology provides endless illustrations of how valuable objects might travel long distances in the absence of anything that remotely resembles a market economy.
The founding text of twentieth-century ethnography, Bronislaw Malinowski’s 1922 Argonauts of the Western Pacific, describes how in the ‘kula chain’ of the Massim Island off Papua New Guinea, men would undertake daring expeditions across dangerous seas in outrigger canoes, just in order to exchange precious heirloom arm-shells and necklaces for each other (each of the most important ones has its own name, and history of former owners) — only to hold it briefly, then pass it on again to a different expedition from another island. Heirloom treasures circle the island chain eternally, crossing hundreds of miles of ocean, arm-shells and necklaces in opposite directions. To an outsider it seems senseless. To the men of the Massim it was the ultimate adventure, and nothing could be more important than to spread one’s name, in this fashion, to places one had never seen.
Is this ‘trade’? Perhaps, but it would bend to breaking point our ordinary understanding of what that word means. There is, in fact, a substantial ethnographic literature on how such long-distance exchange operates in societies without markets. Barter does occur: different groups may take on specialties — one is famous for its feather-work, another provides salt, in a third all women are potters — to acquire things they cannot produce themselves; sometimes one group will specialize in the very business of moving people and things around. But we often find such regional networks developing largely for the sake of creating friendly mutual relations, or having an excuse to visit one another from time to time; and there are plenty of other possibilities that in no way resemble ‘trade.’
Let’s list just a few, all drawn from North American material, to give the reader a taste of what might really be going on when people speak of ‘long-distance interaction spheres’ in the human past:
We could multiply examples, but assume that by now the reader gets the broader point we are making. When we simply guess as to what humans in other times and places might be up to, we almost invariably make guesses that are far less interesting, far less quirky — in a word, far less human than what was likely going on.
Notice what’s missing from most of these: A profit motive.
There are, technically, “markets” in every human culture we can identify. There are exchanges of goods & services, even in the most socialistic of societies.
There is not always any attempt to get “profit,” to wind up with more value than you had before.
(Gambling may have a profit motive. Gambling may also have competitive motive: the goal can be winning, with the prize being wanted as a trophy more than for its technical value.)
The initial post here is taken from The Dawn of Everything, an anthropological/historical survey written by David Wengrow and the recently and lamentably passed scholar, David Graeber.
In honor of Earthbound coming to Switch, I finished designing this cast for what a MOTHER2-inspired sequel on Switch might look like! Character bios below.
I did the meme 🌟 .#digitalart #procreate . . . . . #nintendofanart #givemesixcharacterstomakefanartof https://www.instagram.com/p/CYM6fpPLrws/?utm_medium=tumblr
Prepare for trouble… . . . . . . #digitalillustration #characterdesign #artistsoninstagram #kidlitart #illustration https://www.instagram.com/p/CQHnN_sDSpQ/?utm_medium=tumblr
*whispers* so there’s this Atelier… . . . . . #とんがり帽子のアトリエ #witchhatatelier #qifrey https://www.instagram.com/p/CPGU5x4DEDC/?utm_medium=tumblr
Dueling Peaks . . . . . #BotW #Zelda #botwfanart #tloz #illustration #procreate https://www.instagram.com/p/CKj_UuWjg3A/?igshid=174jmh7pm2mm2
Toad Wizard Caravan 🐸🔮 After delivering a scandalous thesis, Bupon left Starlight Tower on an extended sabbatical. He travels the forest, offering astrological readings and pursuing the very line of research his guild forbade him from continuing. “The stars are not our friends.” #characterdesign #backgroundart #conceptart #backgrounddesign #fantasyart #illustration #illustrationartists #illustratorsoninstagram https://www.instagram.com/p/CHLJ-fDDNXq/?igshid=2xgw7z1pplul