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i am made of starlight

@kulekrizpy / kulekrizpy.tumblr.com

krizpy/ae | late 20's no pronouns/she πŸŒ§β˜”οΈπŸ’§
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Published online Sept 25, 2023

Abstract

In November 2022, our pediatric hospital replaced the requirement for universal masking of all healthcare personnel and visitors in all clinical buildings with a requirement for masking only during patient encounters. Following this change, we observed an immediate, substantial, and sustained increase in healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, universal masking of all healthcare personnel (HCP) and visitors was implemented in most hospitals in the United States to mitigate transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Like other hospitals, we observed a concurrent and rapid decline in the incidence of healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections (HARVIs). 1–3 Universal masking was implemented simultaneously with a large reduction in community respiratory viral infection incidence and numerous mitigation strategies in healthcare settings and the community, which also may have affected HARVI rates. These included universal hospital admission and preprocedural testing for SARS-CoV-2 that often also identified other viruses, hospital visitor restrictions, increased use of personal protective equipment and hand hygiene, and physical distancing. Therefore, lower HARVI rates may not have been solely due to universal masking. In our pediatric hospital, the requirement for universal masking in all clinical buildings was discontinued on November 8, 2022. No other COVID-19–related mitigation strategies changed at that time, including visitor restrictions and HCP work exclusions (see Supplementary Background Material online). This situation provided an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of universal masking in healthcare settings in preventing HARVIs.

Methods

Throughout most of the COVID-19 pandemic, our 490-bed pediatric hospital had required masking by HCPs, patients, and visitors in all clinical buildings. On November 8, 2022, this mandate was replaced with a narrower requirement that all HCP wear a medical mask (or higher-grade respirator if indicated) when providing direct patient care and encouraged patients and families to mask for these same episodes. A definite HARVI was defined as an infection meeting 3 criteria: (1) microbiologic criterion including an upper or lower respiratory specimen testing positive on an antigen test or respiratory pathogen multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel for adenovirus, endemic human coronavirus (HKU1, NL63, 229E, or OC43), human metapneumovirus, influenza A (H1N1pdm2009 or H3N2), influenza B, human parainfluenza virus (type 1, 2, 3, or 4), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus and enterovirus (which are not distinguished on the panel), or SARS-CoV-2; (2) symptomatic criterion including at least 1 new sign or symptom associated with a lower or upper respiratory infection following hospital admission; and (3) chronologic criterion including the onset of symptoms was on or after a minimum number of days from hospital admission specific for each virus’s maximum incubation period (see Supplementary Methods online).

To analyze monthly HARVI rates, we used a statistical process control u chart (implemented in QIMacros, KnowWare International, Denver, CO). The average monthly HARVI rate during a baseline period from January 2019 to December 2019 was used to calculate the initial centerline. Monthly data points were marked as out of control according to control chart analysis rules from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. 5 A centerline shift was made when there were 8 consecutive months above or below the centerline.

Results

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, our centerline for HARVI incidence was 7.07 infections per 10,000 patient days. At the start of the pandemic, the HARVI incidence decreased, with a centerline shift down to 2.60 infections per 10,000 patient days. However, an increase in HARVI incidence occurred from the late fall of 2021 through spring 2022 that resulted in a centerline shift back to the prepandemic baseline rate of 7.13 infection per 10,000 patient days. This increase coincided with the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant wave and included relaxation of the hospital visitor restrictions policy and the end of universal admission testing in March and April 2022, respectively. When universal masking was discontinued in November 2022, we observed a sharp rise in HARVIs that exceeded our prepandemic baseline (Fig.Β 1a). This rise has been sustained for 8 consecutive months with rates above the centerline, resulting in another centerline shift to 12.88 infections per 10,000 patient days. Infections with rhinovirus and/or enterovirus have represented the largest proportion of HARVIs since November 2022, but other viruses including influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have contributed to the total (see Supplementary Table 1 online). Time from admission to HARVI was similar throughout the observation period, with median intervals substantially greater than the maximum incubation periods for the viruses (Supplementary Table 2 online). Concurrently, there was a rise in definite or possible healthcare-associated COVID-19 cases from November 2022 through June 2023 (Fig.Β 1b). This increase occurred despite having a relatively low census of admitted patients with COVID-19 during this interval (Fig.Β 1c) and despite declining local prevalences of multiple respiratory viral infections including RSV and influenza (Fig.Β 1d and Supplementary Figs. 1–5 online).

TL;DR: UNIVERSAL MASKING KEPT PEOPLE FROM GETTING SICK IN HEALTHCARE. DROPPING UNIVERSAL MASKING IN HEALTHCARE LITERALLY INCREASED HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED VIRAL RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ACROSS THE BOARD.

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90s-uprising

Because gay isn’t only 17 year old white kids that come from middle to upper class homes. And Black Love isn’t just straight couples that enforce gender roles and women with perfect bodies, a quiet tongue, and a womb always ready to create. This is also the face of Black Love. And its beautiful. -ShiShi

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