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Land of Jews and Cats

@bilgisticallykosher / bilgisticallykosher.tumblr.com

Ask me about: Judaism, cats, cooking. Masterpost How I tag Main fandoms; Sanders Sides, Undertale (and Delta Rune), Homestuck, Kingdom Hearts, Harry Potter. Hufflepuff, green soul, she, 32, call me B/k.
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these tags made me laugh

[ID: A simplistic multi-panel comic of the characters from Sanders Sides, told through screenshots of a Tumblr post.

Panel 1: Janus, dressed in a suit, sits at the prosecution desk from Selfishness vs. Selflessness. The screenshot, a post from @/crustaceousfaggot reads "Is lying ever ethically correct" Panel 2: Extremely simple renditions of Roman, Thomas, and Virgil in their courtroom attire sit on one side of a desk, while Patton, looking worried, sits on the other side. The screenshot is of Tumblr poll results, reading "Yes - 97.6% / No - 2.4%". Panel 3: Logan, sitting in a chair, squints at the scene from a distance. Panel 4: Logan sits in the back of audience seating, surrounded by chairs as well as text reading [chairs]. He speaks with a speech bubble with Tumblr tags in it, reading "#who voted no? immanuel kant isnt going to fuck you" Panel 5: Patton sits in a folding chair leaning forward to hold his head in his hands, in the pose of the Shinji chair meme.

End ID]

CRYING, this is SO funny. Your art is really good and expressive, this is amazing.

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snowdice

Kill Dear (Arc 1: A Deal Etched in Blood)[Chapter 1: A Deal is Struck]

Fandom: Sanders Sides

Relationships: Logan/Roman, Background Virgil/Patton, Implied Remus/Janus

Characters:

Main: Roman, Logan, Janus

Appear: Virgil, Remus, Patton, Thomas

Summary:

Roman of the Northern Tribes, 3rd in line for a seat at the table and decorated war general in the Mocnejsi Kingdom’s army stumbles upon a traveling group whose carriage has a painted over emblem of the enemy kingdom on its side. In exchange for the lives and freedom of his other party members, Logan strikes a blood bonded deal with the general to deliver the crowned prince of Prijaznia into his custody. Logan becomes his prisoner and with an ancient secret code book belonging to the prince, he guides Roman and his troupes through dangerous magical locations, perilous tasks, and puzzling riddles. Logan knows, of course, that he signed his own death warrant when he struck such a deal, whether or not they ever make it to the destination at the end of his book, but he is determined to go down kicking, screaming and spitting in Roman’s face all the way to the guillotine. He’s a dead man, but he’ll achieve as much as he can before Roman inevitably kills him. Because here’s the trick; Logan’s the prince.

Notes: Knives, violence, swords, sexual assault/coercion mentioned, fantasy racism, cursing, implied torture, injuries, magical coercion, character who is not suicidal but has little value for his own life, forced feeding, images of dead major characters because of magic, hallucinogenic magical flowers, fear of death and torture, assassinations mentioned, sexual innuendo, heavy making out, semi-explicit discussions of sexual relationships

This whole fic is already published, but I’m going to break it up and publish it chapter by chapter for ease of reading. If you want to read it all, see the Kill Dear Big Bang 2020 Master Post. Also, for art work of this fic done by @snekky-boi, see this link. (Warning there are some spoilers in the art for later chapters.)

OKAY finally reading this, I got impatient waiting for the end of Little Kestral with not knowing what a multrum really was and holy shit holy shit. Everything is. Holy shit. I don't recognize any of those names, except Patton obviously. But Logan's POV is insane, and yeah, I didn't think of how Logan's promise to lead Roman to the prince would be seen by outsiders. Roman thinking he's a coward makes so much sense.

ALSO. I KNOW BLOOD OATHS WERE MENTIONED IN LITTLE KESTREL. BUT. HOLY SHIT. How horrifying. You wrote that so well. And oh my god. Janus is perfect lmao I love him. Roman seems to allow him more liberties than perhaps others from (listen I will never ever get these two names right so) M-kingdom have, according to Virgil. But it's kind of hard to tell at this point. I'm intrigued. And love that Logan doesn't get the sarcasm. And that Janus is super not telling him that Logan lied, re: it's upside down. I laughed out loud. UGH this is so good already.

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Un poquito error

A little mistake. Logan's learning Spanish. He has some trouble remembering some of the vocabulary. Gift for Laoft server Valentine's gift exchange! He said jokes were okay. So!

Word count: 893

Warnings: Remus has two lines in this fic, and they contain all the warnings. Mostly his first sentence, which is the worst thing I've ever written; I apologize to anyone with even the smallest Spanish knowledge. Brief mention of prostitute, cannibalism.

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delimeful
Anonymous asked:

im so excited for virgil to start being honest with the mindscape crew bc. itll be so augh for him to start realizing that Oh, maybe it ISNT normal as logan roman and patton are beside themselves at everything virgil says

bc like. there are SO MANY messed up factors. like, he has malnutrition, and is atleast in some way intentionally starving himself to avoid being a burden. hes also like, 18/19 if i remember right and??? thats baby age. sures hes technically an adult but like, still very young?? and not even mention the way that they probably misread a BUNCH of his fear/distress body language as aggression or just strange.

yeah, post-LMMR is really just "virgil getting outed to the mindscape crew as guy who lies through avoidance NOT CLICKBAIT" for realsies. they are all ganging up on him to hold a self care intervention

get that guy a multivitamin and some therapy STAT

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"Get that guy a multivitamin" inspired me. A single pill. This will fix him.

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tributary

any anti-zionism that is not committed to fighting antisemitism and making the diaspora safe for jews to live in is not just counterproductive: it is worse than useless.

Also worth noting (for people who may be unfamiliar because use of the terms has ticked up massively in the last week) that making your commitment to fighting antisemitism clear is really important because there are contexts (a lot, in fact) in which calling Jews zionists is a neo-Nazi dogwhistle which does not have anything to do with supporting Palestinians. Specifically using the word “Zionists” to mean Jews-in-general (regardless of their politics) is neo-Nazi talk. Assuming all Jews are zionists has similar connotations. So does arguing over Jews who have publicly stated that they are anti-zionist and saying they must be lying. For that reason, “Does this person conflate being Jewish with zionism and refuse to believe non- or anti-zionist Jews exist?” is an extremely basic litmus test for antisemitism and a huge number of ostensible leftists are failing it miserably right now.

Also while it’s true that there are Jewish-led organizations and publications which have described the extreme right wing of Israel as “Jewish supremacists” because of their open statements that Israeli Jews’ rights are more important than those of Israeli Arabs and Palestinans, the phrase has also been/is still used by white supremacists who are inverting the idea of white supremacy as a part of the great replacement conspiracy theory, and they and other antisemites use it as a rhetorical device similar to Holocaust inversion (“Jews are the real Nazis”). If you go in the “Jewish supremacy” tag you will find neo-Nazis in there! Context-free use of the term also reads as a massive red flag because of that.

People are mostly strangers on the internet. Strangers have no way of knowing who is and is not an antisemite unless they visibly, explicitly, stand up for Jews and against antisemitic violence and rhetoric.

Just like with Palestinian solidarity, if you want people’s trust you need to show that you are trustworthy, because a ton of hostility is being directed towards Jewish people worldwide right now and default assumption of good faith is not something that everyone can afford right now.

If you can recognize why Palestinians, Arabs (& their diasporas) and Muslims are especially leery of dog whistles and language which seems fine on the surface level but may have double meanings, and why they may not trust that strangers are supportive of their human rights or will stand up for their safety against bigots, you can do the same for Jewish people.

Visibly, publicly stand against Jew hatred, Jew bigotry. Stand against Hamas. Also, learn the real meanings of words.

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matan4il

Update post:

First, on a personal note, I started my day by calling my family that lives outside of Jerusalem to tell them I'm alive. Two terrorists, residents of an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem (i.e, not Palestinians, who would have to go through a checkpoint, giving soldiers the opportunity to stop them), started shooting people standing at the bus station at the entrance to the city, using a gun and an assault rifle. Three people were killed, one of them a young woman, 24 years old, one is a 73 years old rabbi, and the last is a 67 years old woman. At least 9 more people were injured, 3 of them are still in serious condition. The two terrorists were neutralized at the scene thanks to three people who fired back, one of them was a soldier who was on a 12 hour leave from Gaza, he was at the bus station on his way back to his unit. The terrorists were brothers, affiliated with Hamas, and both had been jailed for terrorist activity in the past. Some of the convicted terrorists who had been released in the past few days, to free innocent Israeli civilians, are residents of the same Jerusalem neighborhood.

Then there was a second terrorist attack today in the Jordan Valley, in this case the terrorist tried driving his vehicle into a crowd, he was neutralized, a few people are injured lightly.

This is Kfir Bibas.

He's the baby who was 9 months old when he was kidnapped together with his 4 years old brother Ariel, his mom Shiri and his dad Yarden. Hamas first said that the Bibas family was handed over by them to another terrorist organization to hold them. Yesterday, Hamas said the Bibas family had been killed by Israeli fire in Gaza. Hamas had previously said that 19 years old Noa Marziano was killed by Israeli fire, it later turned out that she was murdered by a Hamas terrorist in the basement of the Shifa hospital in Gaza. Hamas also said Chana Katzir was killed by Israeli fire. She was released alive. We're all hoping that Hamas is lying about the Bibas family, and that we will see little Kfir and Ariel again, that this is just another part of Hamas' psychological warfare (i.e, psychological torture).

This is 17 years old Aisha al-Ziadna.

You can tell from her hijab, that there is no way Hamas didn't know they were kidnapping a Muslim teenager when they took her, her dad, and her two brothers captive. We know that on the list of hostages to be released today, there are 2 kids. It was just confirmed that it's Aisha and her 18 years old brother Bilal. I'm so glad for Aisha and her family! I'll also admit that as a woman, I've been more worried this whole time for all the girls and women held captive by rapists. I've heard an Israeli Bedouin saying he believed Hamas was keeping her to be released among the last of the hostage kids, to drive a greater wedge between Israel and its Bedouin population. If Aisha and Bilal will finally be freed today, that would mean 38 of the 40 kidnapped kids and teenagers have been released, and the only two remaining in Gaza are Kfir and Ariel Bibas.

We've been hearing more and more about the conditions of captivity the hostages were held under. I'll emphasize that they were kept separately, so what's true for one, is not necesarily true for all, but the overall picture is grim.

Most hostages were kept underground, without fresh air and sunlight. They slept on benches or on plastic chairs. They were not given the medications they need, or they were given unsufficient doses of them. At least one hostage was released in critical state because of this, 84 years old Elma Avraham. One of the doctors fighting to save her life said that had she been released even just one day later, it would have been impossible to save her. She could have been released on the first day of the deal. She was released on the third. For the most part, hostages were not allowed to shower, they were only given new clothes once, on the day of release, and they had no privacy when using the toilettes (again, think about what this meant for girls and women), when asking to use the toilettes, they were sometimes forced to wait for hours for that. At least one kid (12 years old Eitan Yahalomi) told his family he was forced to watch the horror movies Hamas filmed on Oct 7 under gun threat. I'm terrified for what this must have done to him psychologically. All of the kids are having trouble speaking normally, they were threatened with violence if they do anything more than whisper. The Thai captives who were released said they were abused as well, but that the Jewish hostages they were held with, were treated worse (one Thai man mentioned Hamas beat the Jewish captives with electric cables). All of the hostages were malnourished, some of the adult hostages lost up to 15 kilograms (roughly 33 pounds) over 7 weeks, which doctors said amounts to being starved.

(this is Elma Avraham when checked by the Red Cross during her release. I can't not mention that the Red Cross was supposed to give Israel a heads up if any hostage was in a life threatening condition, which Elma was, but the Red Cross didn't say anything, so it was only after a second check by Israel that Elma's critical condition was diagnosed, and she was rushed to the hospital by helicopter)

(speaking of the Thai nationals who were released by Hamas, they were also taken to an Israeli hospital to be treated there until they can go home. Something that really moved me is that the hospital bought a Buddha statue so that these people could pray, even before they're well enough to be discharged)

One Israeli hostage, Roni Crivoi, managed to take advantage of Israeli fire in Gaza, escape his Hamas captors, and he tried to make his way back. Unfortunately for him, he was captured by Gazan civilians, and handed over back to Hamas. Gazan civilians are also some of the people holding Israeli hostages. One kid hostage recounted that he was locked in the attic of an UNRWA teacher (just a reminder, this is a UN employee), who barely give him food, and didn't provide him with his medication. Another was held captive by a Gazan doctor, a man who provided medical care for Palestinian kids, but betrayed his hypocratic oath when it came to an Israeli kid. And it's been Gaza civilians showing up every night, screaming, banging on the jeeps in which the Israeli hostages were being driven to their release, or even throwing rocks at those vehicles. In fact, as hostages were not told they were being freed, many of them said the violence of the crowds made them think they were being taken to be lynched.

Hamas has been violating the hostage deal repeatedly. There's the rockets fired into Israel 15 minutes after the fighting was supposed to stop, there's the promised Red Cross visits to the hostages not freed, which have not yet happened, there's the separation of kids from their mothers (such as Hilla Rotem... Hamas claimed they couldn't release her mother with Hilla, because they didn't know where the mom is. Hilla indicated this was a lie, as she was held together with her mom up until a day before her release. Or another example is Maya Regev, who was freed without er brother Itay, even though he was 18 years old and they were supposed to be released together), there's the Hamas terrorists who fired and threw explosives at IDF soldiers while the fighting is supposed to be on break (starting on day 5 of the deal, we're now on day 7), there was an attempt to offer kidnapped bodies (Israel was able to confirm that three hostages, were actually killed on Oct 7, and Hamas is holding their bodies captive) instead of living people to be released today (which Hamas tried to claim they had to do since they had no more women and kids to release today... when Israel insisted that wasn't true, and if Hamas doesn't rectify the list, the fighting will resume this morning at 7, suddenly Hamas was able to add 3 more women to the list of released hostages for today)...

On a personal note, one of my two kidnapped colleagues was released yesterday, Liat Atzili, and she's been reunited with her kids, but her husband is still in captivity. We've heard through the released hostages that my other colleague is still alive. That's a bit of a relief, since we didn't even know if there was hope for that, given the fact that he had undergone a surgery not that long ago, and is till need of medical care. This is Liat:

This was a perfect reaction to an American projecting American social concepts onto Israel, where the whole history of the conflict is completely different:

"Israelis get to be white"

Just a reminder that while Jews come in a variety of skin colors, as the above vid nicely points out, no Jew is a part of the social construct of "being white."

Thisis Liora Argamani, a Chinese woman, who fell in love with and married an Israeli man. Together they had one daughter, Noa. She was kidnapped to Gaza. Liora is dying from cancer. This is the message that she wanted to share:

(for all of my updates and ask replies regarding Israel, click here)

More information on Hamas. Horrified about the doctor. Hamas is no doubt forcing some doctors and hospitals, and threatening them, but I can't help but think of doctors during the Holocaust who actively helped torture people.

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Here’s a thing about antisemitism.

Right now, a popular post I made about religion is being reposted by a dark subset of people who are literally asserting that all Jews are reptilian overlords, baby killers, ritual child murderers, satan worshipers, and animal abusers. Some are literally saying things like “we need to have a holy war to cleanse these people.” I have reported and blocked over 100 accounts for this, and I’ve seen their bios, their profile pics, and their pages. And here’s the thing.

They’re right wing, and they’re left wing. They’re men, and women, and trans, and nonbinary. Some have their preferred pronouns in their header, and some have deus vult or 14/88. They will have a post about meaningful gun reform right before a post about killing Jews for blood libel. Which it turns out people definitely still believe in today. They are from America and Germany, but also Ireland and Kazakstan, dozens of countries. They have swatzika tattoos, and cross tattoos, and bisexual pride flag tattoos. They are white, but they are also black, asian, latinx, mixed race. They are Evangelical, they are Catholic, they are atheists, they are all religions. They are all ages. They share the same viral posts you share, they laugh at the same memes you laugh at (although they do have a strange love of frogs). They work manual labor jobs in rural areas, driving trucks, but they also wear suits and live in the city and work in politics. They are diverse. They are “woke.”

I’m just so disgusted by what I’ve seen today.

The thing about anti-Semitism is that it can be transferred to just about any ideology: jews are communists or they’re bourgeois, they want to stay separate, they want to assimilate, they want to maintain their own boundaries but still take a part in community affairs.

It really stinks, and please feel free to stop by anytime for some Jewish solidarity.

And anyone can stop by anytime for any solidarity about any form of hate.

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ellidfics

The fine results of sixty years of demonizing Israel’s governmental policies.

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penrosesun

Hey you know what? I think you probably mean well, but no, antisemitism is not about Israel, and saying that it is gives antisemites a lot of ammunition (“I don’t hate Jews; I just have a problem with the Israeli government!”).

The modern State of Israel was founded in 1948. That, as far as antisemitism is concerned, is so modern that it barely even registers on the timeline of brutal antisemitic violence and genocide.

Let me walk you through a timeline, focusing only on some of the largest, most violent antisemitic purges:

  1. The Holocaust began in 1941, and left 6 million Jews dead.
  2. Before that, there was Kristallnacht, which occurred in 1938.
  3. That same year, Ecuador forcibly expelled all Jewish residents not working in agriculture.
  4. Four years before that, in 1934, 2,000 Afghani Jews were expelled from their towns forced to live in the wilderness.
  5. In 1929, the Jewish community of Hebron was massacred.
  6. In 1922, the Hebrew language was banned in the Soviet union, and thousands were sent to the Gulag for so-called “Jewish cultural particularism”.
  7. In 1921 all Jews living in Mongolia were forcibly expelled.
  8. In 1919, Jews were mass executed by the Polish Army in the Pinsk massacre, and the the Kiev Pogroms killed 30,000-70,000 Jews, and left half a million more homeless.
  9. The year before that, 3,000–10,000 Caucasus Jews were killed during The March Days.
  10. Between 1917–1921, Russian Pogroms killed as many as 250,000 Jews.
  11. In one 48-hour interval in May 1915, all 40,000 Jews living in Kaunas, Lithuania were forcibly expelled from the city.
  12. In 1910, Shiraz blood libel pogrom swept through Shiraz, Iran, brutalizing thousands.
  13. In 1891, 20,000 Jews were forcibly expelled from Moscow, Russia.
  14. In 1881–1884, pogroms swept through all of Russia, forcing 2 million Jews to flee the country.
  15. In 1864, at least 500 Moroccan Jews were massacred in Marrakech and Fez.
  16. In 1862, during the American Civil War, General Grant issued an order expelling all Jews from his military district, before being directed by President Lincoln to rescind the order.
  17. In 1815 Pope Pius VII reestablished the ghetto in Rome, and forcibly confined the Jewish population of the city there.
  18. On June 29, 1805, 200-500 Algerian Jews were massacred.
  19. In 1791 Catherine II of Russia confined Jews to the Pale of Settlement and doubled their taxes.
  20. Between 1790–1792, most of the Jewish communities of Morocco were destroyed.
  21. In 1786, Jews were forcibly expelled from Jeddah.
  22. In 1776, the Jewish community of Basra was massacred.
  23. In 1768, the Jews of the Jews of Uman, Ukraine were massacred.
  24. In 1766, Jews were forcibly expelled from Toruń.
  25. In 1753, the Jewish community of Kaunas was forcibly expelled.
  26. In 1744, the Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa forced the entire Bohemian Jewish community to pay for their readmission into the country every ten years, and introduced a law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
  27. In 1743, the Jewish community of Riga was forcibly expelled.
  28. In 1742 Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Russian Empire.
  29. In 1727, Catherine I of Russia issued an edict forcibly expelling all Jews from Ukraine.
  30. In 1718, the Jews of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia were forcibly expelled
  31. In 1717, all Jews living in Gibraltar were forciblt expelled.
  32. In 1715, Elector Max Emanuel ordered the deportation of all Jews living in Bavaria.
  33. In 1712, a blood libel in Sandomierz led to the forcibly expulsion of the entire local Jewish population.
  34. In 1691, 219 people were convicted of being Jewish in a court in Palma, Majorca, and 37 of them were publicly burned to death. 
  35. Only 500 Jews survived Austrian sieged the city of Buda in 1686. Half of them were then sold into slavery.
  36. In 1679, a large percentage of the Jews of Yemen were forcibly expelled in the Exile of Mawza. Many died along the march to the Mawza, and more died once there due to the barren and inhospitable conditions there.
  37. Between 1648–1655, the Ukrainian Cossacks massacred about 100,000 Jews and destroyed 300 Jewish communities.
  38. In 1639, more than 60 people accused of being Jews in Lima, Peru were burned at the stake in a single Auto-da-fé. 
  39. In 1633, Jews were forcibly expelled from Radom.
  40. In 1615 King Louis XIII of France decreed that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death.
  41. In 1593, at least 900 Jews were forcibly expelled from Bologna.
  42. In 1593 Pope Clement VIII forcibly expelled Jews from all Papal states except the ghettos in Rome and Ancona.
  43. In 1591, Philip II, King of Spain, banished and forcibly expelled all Jews from the duchy of Milan.
  44. In 1571, the Mexican Inquisition began, leading to the trial and execution of those suspected of secretly practicing Judaism.
  45. In 1569, Pope Pius V forcibly expelled all the Jews of Bologna, and encouraged the vandalization and destruction of all Jewish graveyards within the region.
  46. In 1560, the Goa Inquisition began, and those in the region who were suspected of secretly practicing Judaism were tried and executed.
  47. Between 1537-1546, Martin Luther whips up antisemitic sentiment throughout Germany, leading to multiple forcible expulsions of the Jewish communities living in the region.
  48. In 1543, all Jews were exiled and forcibly expelled from Basel.
  49. In 1540, all Jews were banished from Prague.
  50. In 1539, all Jews were forcibly expelled from Nauheim.
  51. In 1535, the Spanish sold all of the Jews of Tunis into slavery.
  52. In 1526 Jews were expelled from Hungary, Croatia, and Slovakia following the Battle of Mohács.
  53. In 1519, the Jewish community of Ratisbon was forcibly expelled, and it’s synagogues and graveyards were looted for building materials.
  54. In 1511, most Apulian Jews were either expelled or tortured to death.
  55. In 1510, the Jews of Naples were forcibly expelled.
  56. In 1510, 40 Jews were executed in Brandenburg, Germany, and the remainder of the Jewish population was forcibly expelled.
  57. That same year, 38 Jews publicly burned at the stake in Berlin.
  58. In 1506, a massacre in Lisbon, Portugal killed over 2,000 Jews in the span of just three days.
  59. In 1499, all Jews were forcibly expelled from both Nuremberg and Verona. 
  60. In 1498, Jews were forcibly expelled from most of France.
  61. In 1496, the Jews of Portugal, including those who had fled the Spanish Inquisition just four years prior, were forcibly converted to Christianity and expelled.
  62. In 1495, the Jews of Lecce were massacred and the Jewish quarter was burned to the ground.
  63. In 1493 approximately 37,000 Jews were forcibly expelled from Sicily.
  64. In 1492, the Jewish population of Tuat was massacred in a pogrom.
  65. In 1481, the Spanish Inquisition began, leading to the murder, torture, forced conversion, and forcible expulsion of the Jewish population of Spain.
  66. On Assumption Day, August 15, 1474, the Jews of Modica were massacred. During the evening, Christians are recorded to have run through the streets chanting: “Hurrah for Mary! Death to the Jews!”
  67. In 1473, the Jews of Cordova, Spain were massacred.
  68. In 1421 in Vienna, 270 Jews were burned at stake, and all remaining Viennese Jews were forcibly expelled.
  69. In the single year of 1391, more than 400 Jews were massacred in Barcelona, another 250 Jews were massacred in Valencia, and all the Jewish inhabitants of Palma, Majorca were killed or forced to convert.
  70. In March of 1389, approximately 3,000 Jews in Prague were killed in a single massacre.
  71. In 1370, the entire Jewish population of Brussels was massacred, completely eliminating the Jewish community there. The event was commemorated by local Christians as “the Sacrament of Miracle”.
  72. In 1354, approximately 12,000 Jews were massacred throughout Spain.
  73. On August 4, 1349, 6,000 Jews were burned to death in Mainz as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. Around 3,000 more Jews were massacred in Erfurt for the same reason, 600 were burned at the stake in Zurich, 600 more were burned at the stake in Basel, and the entire Jewish population of Speyer was destroyed.
  74. In 1336, roughly 1500 Jews were killed in Franconia and Alsace.
  75. In 1328, approximately 5,000 Jews were massacred following antisemitic preaching by a Franciscan friar.
  76. In 1321 the Jews in central France were accused of ordering lepers to poison wells. After a massacre which killed an estimate 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admitted that the rumor was false and they were innocent.
  77. In 1298, German knight Rintfleisch claimed to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate “the accursed race of the Jews”. Under his leadership, approximately 100,000 Jews were massacred, often by mass burning at stake.
  78. In 1290, the Jews of Baghdad were massacred.
  79. In 1290, the Edict of Expulsion forcibly expelled all Jews from England.
  80. In 1285, a blood libel in Munich, Germany resulted in the massacre of 68 Jews. Following the massacre, 180 more Jews were burned alive inside  synagogue which was lit on fire.
  81. In 1275, King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry, forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and seizing Jewish assets. Scores of English Jews were arrested, and 300 were publicly hanged.
  82. In 1236, Crusaders attacked the Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and slaughtered an estimated 3,000 Jews.
  83. In 1232, over 1,000 Moroccan Jews in Marrakesh were killed.
  84. In 1203, the entire Jewish quarter of Constantinople was burned down by Crusaders.
  85. In 1190, the Jews of York were massacred by departing Crusaders.
  86. In 1171 the Jews of Bologna were forcibly expelled.
  87. In 1146, an estimated 100,000 Jews were massacred by the Almohads in Fez and 120,000 more were massacred in Marrakesh.
  88. In 1124, the Jewish Quarter of Kiev was burned to the ground by antisemitic arsonists.
  89. During the First Crusade, more than 5,000 Jews were murdered in the Rhineland. Another 1,200 Jews committed suicide in Mainz to escape torture and forcible conversion.
  90. In 1066, the Granada Massacre killed more than 4,000 Jews in a single day.
  91. In 932, the Jewish quarter of Bari, Italy was destroyed.
  92. In 694 King Ergica of Toledo ordered the kidnapping of all Jewish children over the age of seven, and the raising of those kidnapped children as Christians.
  93. In 469, half of the Jewish population of Isfahan was put to death.
  94. In 325, all Jews were forcibly expelled and banned from Jerusalem.
  95. Between 132–135, the Bar Kokhba revolt was crushed, and 580,000 Jews were killed. Hadrian then ordered the forcible expulsion of all Jews from Judea, which was then merged with Galilee in order to form the province of Syria Palaestina, renamed in order to suppress the Jewish people’s connection to their historic homeland.

Sixty years?! Sixty years is nothing.

Antisemitism is one of the oldest forms of bigotry that still exists, and it exists in largely the same form that it always has. Non-Jews persecute Jews because we refuse to assimilate, because we emphasize literacy and education, and because we are an ethnic minority. These thousands of years of violent murder, torture, expulsion, exile, and degradation have nothing whatsoever to do with the modern State of Israel.

Antisemitism, much like the original post highlighted, transcends modern politics. It transcends most modern cultural divides.

Antisemitism is religious bigotry and racial hatred all rolled into one, and virtually no group on Earth has clean hands.

How the FUCK is this list so long. What the fuck. What the Fuck. How is there SO MUCH HATRED for them what the Actual Fuck

like what did Jewish people ever do to you????? like seriously???? like I understand animosity. I have some strong personal hatred for individuals and some disdain for a group of people (billionaires) but even if someone did do something to me, that is absolutely not grounds for maiming or irreparably harming or killing them, much less killing their family, their friends, their friends’ families, and anyone else that shares a particular association with them!!!! like what the actual shit?????

edit: I will however gladly throw the FUCK down with anyone who wants to hurt jewish people for being jewish

Hi!

A lot of it is/was motivated by money. Yes, even the holocaust.

The justification for hating is classically based in the Christian religion, but antisemitism is now definitely also political. It’s about blaming everything on us and having a scapegoat.

But the motivation? Money. Pogroms, expulsions, killings, all of these were and are forms of real estate and property liquidation.

If anyone who is unfamiliar with historical and modern antisemitism and how it functions and wants to educate themselves as an ally, I recomend reading the book Why the Jews?. Some of the language is a bit outdated but it’s a short and informative introduction to the topic. It is an emotionally difficult read though, so keep that in mind before cracking it open

I’m gonna add on that the origins of left wing antisemitism, the whole thing they try to gaslight with the explination of “I’m not antisemitic, I’m just antizionist” has a direct line connecting it to Stalin and Russian Orthodox/Tsarist antisemitism.

Stalin had hoped that the freshly created state of Israel, which was a very left leaning nation when it was reconstituted, would side with the Soviet/Communist bloc. When it didn’t he felt personally slighted, and so started trying to take that petty grudge out on Russian/Soviet Jews. That whole Doctors Plot conspiracy was actually just an excuse to added Jewish doctors to the list of dead in Stalin’s purges. Thankfully he died before it could be fully started, but it started the ball rolling. His hatred of Israel tapped into the latant Russian antisemitism left over from the Tsarist period and twisted it from the recent antisemitism that birthed that conspiracy book Protocols of the Elders of Zion and into a whole gaslighting thing of “we are just opposing a settler/colonial state, not just blindly hating Jews for fake reasons again.” This led to various levels of Soviet/Russian antisemitism, ranging from passing over Jews for various jobs in various fields to outright denying Soviet Jews the ability to even visit Israel (the Refuseniks).

And so that soon became party line for many left leaning groups around the world, never really realizing that all Zionism is is just an indigenous people that have been targeted and hated and oppressed for millennia living with security and autonomy in their indigenous homeland. The fact that western society focuses so much on Ashkenazi Jews (Jews that went to central/Eastern Europe in the diaspora after Rome expelled us after we failed to expel their occupation of Ancient Israel and so have become white-passing over the near 2,000 years in Europe) as what all Jews look like doesn’t help either. Cause that ignores Jews of color, such as all of those that got ethnically cleansed or expelled from Arab lands, who make up two thirds of Israel’s population.

Left wing antisemitism that’s hidden behind “antizionism” is definitely another link in the chain of baseless hatred directed at us. 60 years is definitely enough time to have another “reason” to hate us. Stalin was a master manipulator, and he took the leftover Tsarist era antisemitism and twisted it into the beginnings of what we recently saw in UK Labour under Jeremey Corbyn and in the US with people like Linda Sarsour. To ignore what it is is to let it continue.

What the fuck did Jewish people do to receive any of this hatred?? I know that there had been Christian propaganda written about jewish people throughout history. But why? Why did that happen?

Historically, our homeland was a VERY important trade route, connecting Africa, Asia, and Europe. Control trade, and you control food imports, and you control empires. That’s why Rome invaded. (Actually, it’s also why Greece/Macedonia, Medeo-Persia, Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt invaded. Its been a very strategic land to control since the dawn of civilization. Location location location.)

The two largest religions in the world (Xianity, Islam) are later derivations of OUR religion. That makes that piece of land MORE attractive to them, because controlling it gives them a sense of religious authority.

A big reason that Xianity as a (technically heretical) sect of Judaism split off and became their OWN religion is that VERY early Xians and mainstream Jews were allied during a revolt against the Romans (who again, wanted that land because location location location). The job of Mashiach in Judaism is to free Israel and establish a safe home for Jews there, and to establish world peace. (Jesus obviously did not accomplish this, hence the need for a “second coming.”) Because the leader of this revolt looked like he was about to succeed in DOING THOSE THINGS, most Jews said “hey, maybe THIS guy, Bar Kokvah, is the Mashiach!” Xians DID NOT LIKE THIS, because they thought that their dead guy (who again, did not accomplish the things) was the Mashiach. So we already didnt LIKE each other because they were heretics, but it boiled over when…

They betrayed Jews at a crucial point, thousands died, and the revolution failed. Jews got mad and said “you can’t be part of our synagogues anymore because you BETRAYED US AND WE DIED,” and Xians said “fine, we hated you anyway because you didnt accept our weird Mithras cult” and ran directly to the Mommy, the remainders of Roman Empire, and said “can we be the state religion now?” Mommy Byzantium, seeing an oppprtunity, said yes, Xianity separated from Judaism and rose to POWER, and held a bunch of official meetings and added things to their own writings (even they will admit this). They added theology that is 100% not compatible with Judaism, and they also outlawed Jewish practices and shit talked Jews a lot. Many verses in their books before ecumenical councils are also antisemitic. The Byzantine royal family (at this point, all that’s left of actual Rome) had sensed a shift in religion and power, and capitalized on this new and upcoming religion by making themselves very important figures in it, solidifying their political power through divine authority. (Later, Germans and Italians would say “hey, that’s not a bad idea, and copied them, creating the Holy Roman Empire, famously neither holy, nor Roman, nor an actual empire. Popes did not like this, and constantly tried to squash the HRE and Byzantine Empire, and I guess ultimately they did, but they also lost all political power in the process.)

Xians also then decided that they would blame Jews for killing Jesus forever, and would constantly murder and punish them for it, even though A) according to Xianity Jesus HAD TO DIE for them to be “saved,” so really they shouldn’t be mad about it and B) Jews literally DID NOT have the authority to sentence people to death, especially by crucifixion, literally ONLY Rome could do that.

Then, Xians decided that they needed to control Ye Holee Lande™, so they slaughtered a bunch of Jews and Muslims to get it and promptly lost it again, but they didn’t stop trying to get it back, and they killed thousands on all sides in the process.

Jews at this point have no homeland, having been kicked around by Romans, Xians, and Muslims. The latter of whom actually usually treated us way better than Xians, in general, especially in Al-Andalus, which you might unfortunately know now as “Spain,” because a bunch of important Xian families married and united their armies and killed all the Jews and Muslims there and said “this is our country now, get out and/or we will kill you.” They erased a powerful and prosperous Emirate of universities, poets, scholars, artists, musicians, and theologians, which had flourished all through the Dark Ages in Xian lands. (They then promptly sailed to the Americas, so that they could forcibly convert, rape, steal from, and murder those people too. )

But anyway, no homeland, which means that we often lived in OTHER peoples countries and didn’t get to participate in society or government. General xenophobia turned people against these Jewish “outsiders.” Painting us as dangerous, disloyal, christ killers, immigrants, was an easy way to create fear and fighting and keep the poor poor and the rich in power. (We see this today all the time. Think about it with other groups. I’m sure you can think of how leaders in your country have exploited public fear and xenophobia to stay in power.)

Xians, who had by this time been stealing and mistranslating our holy books for >1000 years, saw a verse that said “Jews may not charge other Jews unfair interest rates.” But Xians are “uncomfortable when we are not about me,” so THEY decided that this meant “Xians are not allowed to charge other Xians ANY INTEREST AT ALL.” But that would have made their economy collapse. So they had an idea. “What if we make it illegal for Jews to own any property or land or normal businesses, BUT, we let them run banking guilds, and THEY can charge US interest, and the economy will work.” It was a great idea for everybody but Jews, because the side effect was that A) poor people suddenly saw JEWS as the ones taxing them and taking their money when really it was the Kings, and B) whenever Jews got too successful, the government would kill them all (or kick them out, if it was a nice day), and poof - all that money (and land they were renting) was “liquidated” and could go to the government. (This was a super easy score for the Church, largely synonymous with the government for many centuries, because the idea that Jews are greedy money grubbing thieves is baked into the literal text of the New Testament, so they didnt even need to be creative to get people to accept this lie.)

This trope of Jews running things and making money off everyone and being greedy eventually led to a conspiracy theory that we wanted to/did already secretly dominate the Entire World, which is where the Elders of Zion/Illuminati/Lizard people/“Global Elite” trope comes from. That’s why you get FUCK-OFF RIDICULOUS things like DC councilmen saying “well we all know Jews control the weather and cause natural disasters to make money off them” from. Yes, that really happened. (And then, they made him go on an apology tour of the DC Holocaust Museum, where he played games on his phone and stormed out halfway through. Yes really.)

Again, because xenophobia, lots of other nasty aspects of Jew hatred popped up. The formula goes: Jews killed Christ -> Satan is the enemy of Christ -> Jews are in league with Satan -> Jews are witches and evil. This isnt even a stretch for them, because this kind of language is ALSO literally found in the Xian bible. A particularly nasty and pervasive part of this cycle was the idea that Jews (in a perverted version of holy communion, because Catholics and Xians view of witchcraft was just “upsidedown/backwards Xianity”) was the idea that Jews kidnapped Xian babies and used their blood to make bread. That one got a LOT of Jews killed.

Even the Holocaust is fundamentally part of this whole pattern. Post WWI Germany owed MASSIVE unpayable debts to the world for their role in the great war. They were bankrupt, disunified, and unstable. Hitler used fear and propaganda to rise to power by appealing to a base who were economically suffering and already super racist and xenophobic (like… many modern politicians… do the math…) and then the Holocaust itself was again, super super about real estate and property liquidation. (Bonus, they were invading the rest of Europe, so they ALSO got to steal art and money and national treasures from conquered governments, not JUST Jews.) Nazis really liked shiny things, and they really liked taking them to Berlin.

Later, Russia, who got to Berlin, also admitted to really linking shiny things, having made off with a LOT of international treasures and pretending they didnt have them for decades. They still have them, and they basically announced “there’s nothing you girls can do about it.” They also killed millions of Jews during the USSR days, made our religion illegal, and the current Russian government and Orthodox Church officially blames Jews for the revolution and murder of the Romanovs. Yes really. Let me say, unequivocally, fuck Russia.

There you have it, a VERY BREIF overview of antisemitism.

I should add, a VERY BRIEF history of antisemitism IN EUROPE, because I’m too exhausted to even get into the rest of the world right now, but it’s really a continuation of those same themes and cycles.

Compare to the list above if you’re curious about specific historical events you can google to learn more.

i really fucking hate how many ppl here are like “what did jews do???????” as if bigotry is a punishment for an ancient crime. we existed. that’s what we did. and that was, and still is, a crime punishable by death.

spot on @king-shit-thembo​ thank you

This is an incredibly long post, please please read the top bit about who is antisemitic. And here's the history.

I see most Jews, most Israelis, saying that they don't agree with Netanyahu, that they feel awful for the innocent people being killed in Gaza. I do, too, I pray for them as I pray for my fellow Jews. I tend not to see the reverse. I tend not to see many people condemning Hamas. Or outright denying what they do. Excusing it. Read the history. Jew hatred is nothing new.

This rings very true.

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"These testimonies sharply contradict Hamas' claims of humane treatment or propaganda images of smiling abductees waving to their captors

Members of the Forum of Families of Hostages and the Missing disclosed harrowing details about the treatment of women kidnapped on Israeli territory and held hostage by Hamas in Gaza.

According to Israeli media reports, these women were kept in cages, a claim supported by videos from Hamas' Telegram channel in the aftermath of the October 7 attacks.

Survivors, who recently gained their freedom, reported enduring limited food rations and dire living conditions during their captivity."

anyone defending hamas or claiming they treated hostages "well" has lost all sense of reason and truth and humanity, and their privilege makes me sick, and it's frightening to exist in society with them. to be honest.

a reminder that Dafna and Ela's mother advocated for them tirelessly every day. she wrote a heartwrenching op-ed begging to be taken to her girls in Gaza. this is the level of psychological torture and emotional abuse they perpetrate on children.

Reblogging for that list of what Hamas is doing during the ceasefire, especially.

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shofarsogood

Those pictures of ultra-orthodox Jews with big beards, peyos (side curls), and black hats waving signs like "Real Torah Jews Against Israel" and "Real Jews Stand with Palestine"? The ones who are all over the news lately?

I am begging you to stop posting pictures of these people and tokenizing them into "good Jews" just because they're more visibly Jewish than the rest of us. Stop giving this group attention.

Let's get into the nitty gritty, shall we?

Neturei Karta (henceforth NK because I don't feel like typing it out every time) does not believe in the current state of Israel. That's fine. They believe Israel is an aberration because Israel can only be reformed by the Messiah. Without the Messiah, it's a false state. They want it dissolved. Okay, fine. No problems so far. Lots of ultra-Orthodox people believe that, like the Satmars.

But let's discuss their beliefs on the Messianic age. Most Jews believe the Messiah will bring peace on Earth and harmony. NK believes the Messiah will make Jews kings and everyone else into slaves. Yes, including Palestinians. Black and Brown people are considered subhuman, even though they've met with famous antisemite Louis Farrakhan.

You may be surprised by this last tidbit, but NK has no problem meeting with antisemites as long as they also oppose Israel. This includes former president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former Palestinian president Yasser Arafat, and leaders of Hamas and Hezbollah. Hamas, whose charter contains a line about killing all Jews.

Neturei Karta are, like their compatriots, Holocaust deniers. Yes, that sounds weird coming from Jews, but here we are. They believe that G_d would not allow such a horrible thing to happen to Jews, so it didn't happen. Occasionally, you'll get one to admit that the Holocaust happened, but it's always met with the caveat of "those weren't real Jews. Real Jews wouldn't have died. Real Jews would have been rescued by G_d," or, even worse, "Jews deserved the Holocaust because they were trying to assimilate. If they hadn't been sinful, it wouldn't have happened. The Holocaust is G_d's punishment for Jews." I shouldn't need to explain why that's offensive.

That's why they carry signs about being "real Jews." They believe they really are the only Jews and everyone else is an imposter. Anyone who is not one of them is not considered Jewish. They actually chanted this at Netanyahu. That's funny because Netanyahu is an evil dictator, but (as much as I loathe to admit it) he's still Jewish.

You'll notice that you never see women with them, ever. Why? Because they genuinely believe women should stay in the house cooking and cleaning and having children instead of learning or interacting with the outside world. They do not teach their daughters to read, because why would you need it if you're only going to be a wife? It also makes escaping that much harder, which is the goal. They insist that all women be "modest", which includes demanding that women wear long skirts and hair coverings. They rip off advertisements with women on it, occasionally going after moving buses. Just recently, on Rosh Hashanah, they put up signs insisting that men walk on the curb and women walk in the street. You can't even hold hands with your wife while you go to shul. (You'll notice that Hamas and Hezbollah have the same opinions on women and "modesty.") Feel free to try to talk to them if you're a woman. Chances are they'll pretend to only speak Yiddish or Hebrew, which has been my experience.

Of course, since NK follow the Torah exactly (which isn't possible but don't tell them that), they don't believe in gay marriage. They protested Israel acknowledging gay marriages that occurred in other countries and have declared all queer people abominations.

Will you see any of that on their English website? No. They do a very good job of creating a nice facade for non-Israelis to get them on board. I'm told you can find these beliefs on their Yiddish website, but I don't speak it so I cannot verify that.

Neturei Karta is considered a terrorist group and has met with terrorists. They're on the watchlist for Israel and the US, which doesn't say much, but should give you an idea that this isn't just protesting. They're encouraging acts of terrorism by funding the Islamic Jihad and fueling radicals to hurt Israelis.

Let's review:

Neturei Karta is a terrorist cult that hates women, gay people, and people of color. They hate other Jews and pretend that they're the only Jews. They believe the Holocaust is the fault of Jews not being religious enough. They tokenize Palestinians and their struggle in an attempt to get rid of Israel but don't actually see them as people.

These are not good people. These are very bad people who appear to be doing the right thing. They look like people trying to liberate Palestine, but they don't care what happens to them. They believe all Muslims will be slaves in the next age, but for now, they're useful for their goals. Honestly, this is what is so offensive to me. They are using a marginalized, at risk group for their own ends while still considering them subhuman. Frankly, it's no different than Evangelical Christians funding Israel because they believe that if all Jews go to Israel, it will trigger the End Times, even though people who deny Jesus will go to hell.

Please stop posting pictures of these people. Stop furthering their message. Stop giving attention to people who do not care if you live or die. There are plenty of good Jewish organizations to support. There's If Not Now, Jewish Voice for Peace, and Jews for Racial and Economic Justice. Your local reform or reconstructionist synagogue will probably have more information. My congregation protested the sale of arms to Israel on Monday, and will return to protest today (October 18) at the Capitol. There are plenty of other ways to help Palestinians without tokenizing them.

@tributary also added Truah.org as another group advocating for peace that isn't Neturei Karta.

Jewish Voice for Peace actually has a history of antisemitism

they have been known to perpetuate the blood libel and dual loyalty tropes

like they've posted illustrations of Israelis drinking the blood of Palestinian children and it's been a trend for them to show Israelis drinking the blood of Palestinian children. They post so many blood libel pictures it's actually crazy

They believe that any attack on Israeli citizens is justified and equate zionism with nazism (which is something that started with the Soviets cause the way they justified antisemitism was by saying all zionism=nazism and all jews are zionists). This is very ironic cause they've also made posts supporting Haj Amin Al-Husseini who was a literal nazi who met with Hitler in 1941 and offered to help with the Final Solution by restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine and also just encouraging pogroms.

They also do a lot of historical revisionism by denying that Jews were ever in Israel before zionism as a political movement started and saying that Jews have no attachment to the temple (it is literally the holiest place in Judaism)

this isn't super surprising though cause most of their chapters are started by non-Jews.

They've also platformed terrorists like Leila Khaled, who hijacked two flights and was part of Black September, and Rasmea Odeh, who was convicted taking part in two terrorist bombings, her conviction is disputed but they found explosives and bomb-making materials in her room. And they endorsed the Mapping Project which claimed to map all zionist organizations in Massachusetts but they ended up mapping all the Jewish organizations in Massachusetts and was used by white supremacists to hate crime Jews more easily

Anyway, these other sources are great but JVP is antisemitic

@penguicorn-arts Do you have any sources for the JVP stuff? I’m not asking that in a “I don’t believe you” way, I just feel like there’s so much misinformation and incomplete information going around right now I want to make sure I get the full picture if possible.

all good very reasonable request

This is gonna be the most thorough source but I will include more cause I know Instagram isn't all that reliable, just know that this is the one with the most stuff if one place and rootsmetals always has good sources lists in the caption if you want to check that out too

please do copy and paste the sources from the caption cause I genuinely think they're better than the ones I found below this

This article talks about one of the times JVP posted a blood libel picture. The article mentions how JVP said they removed the star of David from the flags to emphasize that Judaism is not connected to zionism but that effort falls short because blood libel is a very specifically antisemitic conspiracy which connects this illustration to Judaism whether or not the flags have the star of David on them

this is a general account of some of JVP's antisemitism

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Here's a story for you about how the news industry works.

Earlier tonight, the group that invaded Israel, massacred 1000+ people, burned families to death in their homes, took hostages back to Gaza, and recorded it all with GoPros – this group announced that Israel bombed a hospital in Gaza, killing hundreds.

Then, instead of waiting for more information from the Israeli side, the editors of the world's most important media outlets said to themselves: "This is enough for us. Let's run with it."

Headlines screamed that Israel bombed a hospital. Push notifications were sent to MILLIONS of people.

CNN push: "Hundreds of people may have been killed in an Israeli strike on a Gaza City hospital, according to the Palestinian health ministry"

BBC push: "Hundreds feared dead or injured in Israeli air strike on hospital in Gaza, Palestinian officials say"

NYT push: "At least 500 people were killed by an Israeli airstrike at a Gaza hospital, the Palestinian Health Ministry said"

Do you see what they did there?

They put the dramatic news in the beginning of the sentence and then they cited the source at the end so that the assertion is technically true. The Palestinian Health Ministry DID say that.

The thing is, the Palestinian Health Ministry in Gaza is a Hamas institution.

What do you call people who amplify Hamas propaganda not just as news, but as the top news story in the world?

There is no way that a professional military such as the Israel Defense Forces can give an instant answer about a catastrophe in enemy territory during a war. It took around two or three hours for the IDF to share the results of its initial investigation – that the explosion at the hospital was a due to a rocket launched by Islamic Jihad that malfunctioned and crashed back into Gaza. More evidence is coming out as I write this.

The sad fact is that it appears that hundreds of Palestinians are dead at a hospital because terrorists in Gaza tried to fire rockets at Israelis and ended up hitting their own people. It's unbearably stupid and tragic.

None of this is new, unfortunately. Journalists in the Middle East know – they absolutely know – that a significant percentage of Hamas and Islamic Jihad’s rockets misfire and crash into residential areas of Gaza. 

I've attached a famous example. This video is from May 2022. It shows a live broadcast of a rocket being launched from a residential area of Gaza. The rocket malfunctions, turns sideways, and crashes into the city. The overexcited broadcaster tries to pretend that nothing unusual happened and asks the camera man to turn away. The video went viral at the time. There are other known instances where this happened. 

These rockets are designed to kill people. Don't act surprised when they do.

I say all of this to remind you to treat breaking news from Gaza with caution, even if it's unpopular to do so.

Hamas does not now, nor has it ever, cared about Palestinian lives. Hamas purposely takes shelter in hospitals and schools so that they will not be attacked. And if they are? They can promote that hospitals have been attacked. They don't care who kills civilians, as long as they can put the blame on someone else, and make themselves look innocent.

Hamas is a terrorist organization.

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