✨ Language Study Master Post! ✨

(Ill update this as I post more, but here is a master post of tons of links to language resources to help you study a language from my site (Plurilingualism) so far! 💜)

Before you start:

- A guide to making S.M.A.R.T goals (and why goals are so important!)

- A complete guide to self-studying a language

Resources and tips:

- Website resources page (with links to tons of resources for general language learning)

- 5 must-visit sites for language learners

- Master list of language challenges (vocab, reading, journaling, etc)

- 10 unique resources (I'll bet you haven't heard of even 3!)

- Where to find good foreign language books (+ links to several recommendations)

- Master list of YouTube channels in 50+ languages (With almost 500 links!!)

- All about the animedoro study method (my favorite way to study anything, but especially a language)

- All about Memrise (a great app and website)

- All about Busuu (one of my all time favorite resources)

- All about italki (a must-have resource for any language learner!)

- How to perfect your pronunciation (+ links to guides in several languages)

- How to actively and passively learn a language via TV and movies

- The best 15 apps to learn a language with (+ links to full reviews for each)

+

If you are studying Korean:

- 10 amazing Korean resources (with descriptions)

- Korean resource master post (with almost 200 links)

If you are studying German:

- German resource master post (with almost 200 links too)

If you are studying Spanish

- Spanish resource master post (with almost (you guessed it) 200 links!)

CASES IN CROATIAN

Cases are one of the things that makes Croatian a difficult language. It’s something that confuses foreigners. It’ll probably confuse you too, but over time it somehow comes to you and becomes easier. 

Ok, now that I have made Croatian even less “attractive” and “interesting” , let me dive into the rules and when to use each.  Soon I’ll make a post about endings for every case :)

There are 7 cases: nominativ, genitiv, dativ, akuzativ, vokativ, lokativ, instrumental.  - i’ll include also questions for each case which helped us when we were learning it as we were little, not guaranteering it’ll help you, since english really lacks vocabulary.

NOMINATIV  tko? što? who? what? - this is case for subjects in the sentence. ex. Ona je moja sestra. She is my sister.

GENITIV koga? čega? whom? which? - partialness, rupture, distancing, characteristic PREPOSITIONS with genitiv:  bez - without blizu - close/near duž - along ispod - under izvan - beyond/ out of/ outside pokraj - next to  prije - before protiv - against  umjesto - instead of s - from  ex. Umjesto jogurta, kupit ću brašno, jer bez brašna ne mogu napraviti tortu. Instead of yoghurt, I’m going to buy flour, because we can’t make the cake without flour. Qualitative genitiv  ex. Dečko plave kose. A guy with/who has blonde hair. Here genitiv in our language replaces with/who has with genitiv. !! We can also say “Dečko s plavom kosom” / “Dečko koji ima plavu kosu” ; the third way would be using genitiv.

Possessive genitiv ex. Pas moje susjede. My neighbour’s dog. Using genitiv when wanting to express that something is someone’s.

DATIV  komu? čemu? whom? what? orientation towards something, aspire after/to, crave or strive for  PREPOSITIONS with dativ: k(a) - towards nasuprot - opposite (to), facing unatoč/usprkos - despite, in spite of 

ex. Unatoč ružnom vremenu, idemo na piknik. Despite the bad weather, we are going on a picnic.

AKUZATIV koga? što? who? what?  integrity, what is created by action, changes the action or bears the action PREPOSITIONS with akuzativ: kroz - through među - between mimo - past na - on nad - above o - about po - down, on, in, all over pred- before, in front of uz - with, along za - for 

ex. Ja sam apsolutno za tu ideju! I am completely for that idea!

VOKATIV oj! ej!  - calling someone ex. Hej Marko, dođi! Hey Marko, come!

LOKATIV  (o) komu? (o) čemu? about whom/ what? - inaction, stillness, place PREPOSITIONS with lokativ: po - according to/ by..  pri - at, in prema - to, towards, according to u - in

ex. Prema tome, ne bismo trebali otići. According to that, we shouldn’t leave.

INSTRUMENTAL (s) kim? (s) čim? with whom, with what? - the means which is used to do something !! When instrumental describes a means, then “s” IS NOT used  ex. Idem busom svaki dan u školu.  I go by bus every day to school. !! When instrumental describes a person, then “s” IS used. ex. Idem s Martinom svaki dan u školu. I go with Martina every day to school.

If a noun starts with s, š, z or ž, then “sa” is used. ex. Razgovor sa Sarom mi uvijek pomogne. Talking to Sara always helps me. These are some really basic things about cases. As one can see, one preposition can go with more cases, so it can depend on the context. It often depends on the context. Over time, it comes naturally, but it’s difficult at first. If someone notices any mistakes, please let me know, so I can correct them as soon as possible. Also, as I said, I’ll make a post about endings for each case soon, so these cases can be put in sentences. :) I hope someone finds this useful 

Plurals are in the brackets. Adjectives are sorted masculinum/ femininum/ neutrum.

jesen [jeseni] - autumn/ fall

vrijeme [vremena] - weather

kiša [kiše] - rain

pada kiša [padaju kiše] - it’s raining

hladan/ hladna/ hladno [hladni/ hladne/ hladna] - cold

topao/ topla/ toplo [topli/ tople/ topla] - warm

vjetar [vjetrovi] - wind

oblak [oblaci] - cloud

list [listovi] - leaf

stablo [stabla] - tree

narančast/ narančasta/ narančasto [narančasti/ narančaste/ narančasta] - orange

crven/ crvena/ crveno [crveni/ crvene/ crvena] - red

žut/ žuta/ žuto [žuti/ žute/ žuta] - yellow

smeđ/ smeđa/ smeđe [smeđi/ smeđe/ smeđa] - brown

zelen/ zelena/ zeleno [zeleni/ zelene/ zelena] - green

uragan [uragani] - hurricane

tornado [tornadi] - tornado

magla [magle] - fog

čaj [čajevi] - tea

knjiga [knjige] - book

čarapa [čarape] - sock

pisati - to write

čitati - to read

kaput [kaputi] - coat

učiti - to learn/ to study

kišobran [kišobrani] - umbrella

glazba [glazbe] - music

papir [papiri] - paper

slušalica [slušalice] - earphone/ headphone

čizma [čizme] - boot

knjižnica [knjižnice] - library

Inspired by this post. Plurals are in the brackets.

tijelo [tijela] - body

koža [kože] - skin

glava [glave] - head

lice [lica] - face

ćelo [ćela] - forehead

jagodica [jagodice] - cheek

čeljust [čeljusti] - jaw

brada [brade] - chin

nos [nosevi] - nose

nosnica [nosnice] - nostril

usta [usta] - mouth

usnica [usnice] - lip

uho [uši] - ear

oko [oči] - eye

trepavica [trepavice] - eyelash

obrva [obrve] - eyebrow

vrat [vratovi] - neck

grud [grudi] - breast (also used: sisa [sise], cica [cice])

bradavica [bradavice] - nipple

leđa [leđa] - back

stražnjica [stražnjice] - butt (also used: guzica [guzice])

guz [guzovi] - buttock

struk [strukovi] - waist

abdomena [abdomene] - abdomen

trbuh [trbusi] - stomach

kuk [kukovi] - hip

rame [ramena] - shoulder

ruka [ruke] - arm or hand

pazuh [pazusi] - armpit

lakat [laktovi] - elbow

šaka [šake] - fist

dlan [dlanovi] - palm

prst [prsti] - finger

palac [palčevi] - thumb

kažiprst [kažiprsti] - index finger

srednji prst [srednji prsti] - middle finger

prstenjak [prstenjaci] - ring finger

mali prst [mali prsti] - little finger

noga [noge] - leg

bedro [bedra] - thigh

koljeno [koljena] - knee

list [listovi] - calf

gležanj [gležnjevi] - ankle

peta [pete] - heel

stopalo [stopala] - foot

nožni prst [nožni prsti] - toe (literally: leg finger)

nožni palac [nožni palčevi] - big toe

If you have any questions, you can ask me anything or message me. If you’d liek me to do more of these posts, like and reblog this one so I know people like it.

420: Maiuscola, minuscola

affetto - fondness amicizia - friendship amico - friend amore - love arcobaleno - rainbow bacio - kiss bandiera arcobaleno - rainbow flag cuore - heart diritto - right famiglia - family famiglia arcobaleno - gay family (lit. rainbow family) marcia - march orgoglio gay, orgoglio omosessuale - gay pride parata - parade uguaglianza - equality

adottare - to adopt dichiararsi - to come out as gay fare coming-out - to come out as gay festeggiare - to party marciare - to march protestare - to protest

androsessuale - androsexual asessuale - asexual bi (pronounced “bee”, not “bye”]) - bi bisex - bisexual bisessuale - bisexual etero - hetero eterosessuale - heterosexual gay - gay ginesessuale - gynesexual intersesso - intersex lesbica - lesbian omo - homo omosessuale - homosexual orientamento sessuale - sexual orientation pansessuale - pansexual polisessuale - polysexual saffico - sapphic semisessuale - demisexual transessuale - transexual

androromantico - androromantic aromantico - aromantic biromantico - biromantic eteroromantico - heteroromantic gineromantico - gyneromantic omoerotico - homoerotic omoromantico - homoromantic orientamento romantico - romantic orientation panromantico - panromantic poliromantico - polyromantic semiromantico - demiromantic

agenere - agender cisessuale - cissexual genere - gender genere binario - gender-binary genere non binario - non-binary gender identità di genere - gender identity identità di genere fluida - gender-fluid sessualità - sexuality spettro della sessualità - sexuality spectrum poliamore - polyamory poligamia - polygamy poliandria - polyandry poliginia  - polygyny

omofobia - homophobia omofobo - homophobe lesbofobia - lesbophoby lesbofobo - lesbophobe transfobia - transphobia transfobo - transphobe xenofobia - xenophobia xenofobo - xenophobe

Italian LGBTQ+ films

A few days ago I was asked to post some LGBTQ+ films, so here’s a list of some recent ones where one or more characters are queer.

N.B. Use a VPN if one of these films is available on either RAIPlay or MediasetPlay. VPNs get behind geographical restrictions so that you can access geo-blocked websites. A lot of them are free too. Alternatively, you can check Infinity.tv (which is a legal Italian streaming website like Netflix). Happy watching! :-)

Italian has various workarounds if you wish to avoid using an undesired pronoun. In instances where the pronoun is a non-subject (i.e. direct or indirect object), we could use:

Keep reading

I saw that people reblogged this and I just want everyone to know that music tastes change! For better and for worse :D So here are some more german artists I’ve come to love over the years:

Nice things Italians say

(or, a random list of italian expressions that i felt like sharing with the world)

“Se son rose fioriranno.” (literally, “If it’s roses, they will bloom.”) It’s usually used to calm down someone (or even oneself) who’s anxious about a certain situation (for instance going on a date), and it means that if something is bound to happen, it will, and hence that there’s no use being nervous.

“Non s'ha da fare.” It means “it’s not to be done”/“it’s not to happen”. Although this construct is strictly typical of the Florentine dialect, this fixed expression has become widely used in the Italian language after one of the most famous scenes in Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed), in the line “Questo matrimonio non s'ha da fare, né domani, né mai.” (“This wedding is not to be celebrated, not tomorrow, nor ever.”)

“Hai scoperto l'acqua calda.” (literally “You have discovered hot water.”) Used to ironise about someone’s obvious remark by calling it a revolutionary discovery.

“Morto un papa, se ne fa un altro.” (literally, “Once a pope dies, another one is elected.”) It’s usually used after the end of a relationship and it means that once you lose a lover, you just find another one. It can also be used in other situations with an equivalent meaning.

“Una volta ogni morte di papa.” It literally means “Once every pope’s death” and it’s used as an informal synonym for “very rarely”. (e.g. “Mi ammalo una volta ogni morte di papa.” -> “I get sick very rarely.”)

“La mamma è sempre la mamma.” It means “Mum will always be mum.” and it’s just an expression to state how your mum will always be there for you and will always be your home.

“Che pizza!” It literally translates “What a pizza!” but it has the same meaning as the English “Nuts!” (e.g. “Piove.” “Che pizza!” -> “It’s raining.” “Nuts!”). In the same way, the word “pizza” can be used as an adjective to describe an annoyingly boring person (e.g. “Sei una pizza, non vuoi mai fare nulla.” -> “You’re so boring, you never want to do anything”).

Italians when they notice the temperatures rising:

The most hilarious part of italians’ reaction to coronavirus/covid19 has been them stockpiling EVERY SINGLE type of pasta except the PENNE LISCE

which Italians couldn’t bring themselves to buy or eat even during a mass psychosis

The moment italians start buying penne lisce will be the moment we know our society has truly collapsed

Listen, if I'm gonna die, my last meal is NOT gonna be fucking penne lisce.

x

Someone explain please! I want to knowwww

Penne lische is smooth and doesn’t hold sauce the way penne rigate does

The grooves make more sauce adhere to it

wait that picture up there then ACTUALLY is of a smooth tube and not just. a bad picture? smooth penne exists? that's horrifying the ridges are the best part it's like eating a tiny accordion

And that is why it is an abomination.

Disgusting. Vile. I would die before eating that filth.

I have eaten penne lisce. Objectively the worst pasta. If you sneeze too hard in its general direction, any sauce on it will fly off. You can literally cook it in tomato sauce and it will still taste of nothing. Even if you stuff cheese inside it by hand, meticulously, individually, it will fall out. No friction on these fuckers. Bad pasta.

I love how this global situation has brought us to the absolute limits of our humanity in all ways. 

@svogliata-mente

To be dirt poor

This is pretty vulgar and “straight to the point”

“Raga non posso permettermi lo smartphone nuovo, ho le pezze al culo!” = “Guys I cannot buy the new smartphone I’m dirt poor”

Short Italian Vocabulary Recap

I giorni della settimana - the days of the week

lunedì - Monday martedì - Tuesday mercoledì - Wednesday giovedì - Thursday venerdì - Friday sabato - Saturday domenica - Sunday

I mesi - the months

gennaio - January febbraio - February marzo - March aprile - April maggio - May giugno - June luglio - July agosto- August settembre - September ottobre - October novembre - November dicembre - December

Le stagioni - the seasons

la primavera - Spring l'estate- Summer l'autunno- Autumn l'inverno - Winter

I numeri - the numbers (1-10)

uno - one due - two tre - three quattro - four cinque - five sei - six sette - seven otto - eight nove - nine dieci - ten

I colori - the colours  

rosso (m,s.)* rossa (f.,s.) rossi (m.,p.) rosse (f.,p.)* - red giallo (m,s.) gialla (f.,s.) gialli (m.,p.) gialle (f.,p.) - yellow blu - blue nero (m,s.) nera (f.,s.) neri (m.,p.) nere (f.,p.)  - black bianco (m,s.) bianca (f.,s.) bianchi (m.,p.) bianche (f.,p.)  - white verde (m./f.,s.) verdi (m./f.,p.) - green grigio (m,s.) grigia (f.,s.) grigi (m.,p.) grigie (f.,p.) - grey marrone (m./f.,s.) marroni (m./f.,p.) - brown rosa - pink

Il sole è giallo. - The sun is yellow.  La notte è nera. - The night is black. Il mare è blu. - The sea is blue. 

Pronomi interrogativi - the question words

chi - who cosa, che cosa - what perché - why quando - when dove - where come - how quanto/quanti - how much/many quale/quali - which/what

Espressioni base - basic phrases

Sì. - Yes. No. - No. Buongiorno. - Hello/Good day/Good morning. Buonasera. - Good evening. Buonanotte. - Good night. Ciao! (informal) - Hi/Bye!  Buongiorno, Buonasera (according on the hour), Salve (formal) - Hi/Bye! Arrivederci. - Goodbye. Per favore, Per piacere - Please Prego, Di nulla, Di niente, Non c’è problema, Nessun problema - You’re welcome. Si figuri (formal) - You’re welcome Figurati (informal) - You’re welcome Grazie - Thank you. La ringrazio (formal) - Thank you Ti ringrazio (informal) - Thank you Grazie mille - Thank you very much. Benvenuto/a - Welcome. A dopo, A più tardi. - See you later.   A presto. - See you soon. A domani. - See you tomorrow. Mi (di)spiace. - I am sorry. Mi scusi, Mi perdoni (formal) - Excuse me! Scusami, Perdonami (informal) - Excuse me! Come va?, Come stai? (informal) - How are you? Come sta? (formal) - How are you? Tutto okay, (Tutto) bene, Sto bene. - I am fine. Molto bene, Benissimo. - Very good. Non male - Not bad. Male - Bad. Come si chiama?, (…) il suo nome? (formal) - What is your name? Come ti chiami? (informal) - What is your name? Mi chiamo … - My name is … Piacere di conoscerla!, Piacere di fare la sua conoscenza (formal) - Nice to meet you! Piacere di conoscerti! (informal) - Nice to meet you! Da dove viene? (formal) - Where are you from? Da dove vieni?, Di dove sei? (informal) - Where are you from? Vengo da … - I am from … Dove vive? (formal) - Where do you live? Dove vivi?, Dove abiti? (informal) - Where do you live? Vivo a…, Abito a… -  I live in … Quanti anni ha? (formal) - How old are you? Quanti anni hai? (informal) - How old are you? ____, Ho _____ anni - I am____years old. Parla italiano? (informal) - Do you speak Italian? Parli italiano? (informal) - Do you speak Italian?  Parlo italiano. - I speak Italian. Non lo so. - I don’t know. Certamente, Sicuramente, Di sicuro. - Of course. Le serve aiuto? (formal) - Do you need help? Ti serve aiuto? (informal) - Do you need help? Hai fame? (informal) - Are you hungry? Hai sete? (informal) - Are you thirsty?

*m = masculine, f = feminine, s. = singular, p = plural

insp.

Nouns in Italian are either masculine or feminine. Usually, you can guess the gender and number of a noun based on the ending it takes. Here’s how to guess most of them based on their endings.

masculines in -o and femenines in -a

Generally, nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a or -tà are feminine. Usually, masculine nouns end in -o in the singular and -i in the plural, whereas femenine nouns end in -a in the singular and -e in the plural, e.g.

Note: nouns ending in -tà have no plural form.

There are, however, some feminine nouns ending in -o, e.g.

and some masculine nouns ending in -a, e.g.

nouns ending in -e

Most nouns ending in -e can be either masculine or feminine, e.g.

-e / -a pairs

nouns ending in -(is)ma, -(e)ma, -(o)ma, -ta and -arca 

Nouns ending in one of these endings are masculine nouns of Greek origin and change to -i for the plural, e.g.

nouns ending in -ore, -one

Generally, nouns ending in one of these endings are masculine, e.g.

nouns ending in -tudine, -zione, -sione, -gione and -tù

Nouns ending in one of these endings are feminine, e.g.

nouns that can be both masculine and feminine

Words that refer to people can be either masculine or feminine, e.g.

Note: a lot of animals only have a masculine or feminine form, e.g. l’uccello (bird), il serpente (snake), la lucertola (lizard), la volpe (fox), etc.

nouns ending in -essa, -ina, -trice

Nouns ending in one of these endings are feminine

nouns ending in -ista and -ante

Nouns ending in -ista can be either masculine or feminine. To form their plural an -i or an -e is added.

Nouns ending in -ante can be either masculine or feminine. To form their plural an -i is added.

nouns ending in -ente

Nouns ending in -ente are usually masculine (but not always), e.g.

nouns ending in -iere

Nouns ending in -iere are always masculine, but a feminine noun can sometimes be obtained by changing the final vowel if the word refers to people, e.g.

irregular plurals

§1 a lot of nouns describing people present a distinct form depending on the natural gender of the person, e.g.

§2 a lot of nouns are masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural, e.g.

You can read about it here and here.